B.Sc Chemistry
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

P O1: Have sound knowledge about the fundamentals and applications of chemical and scientific theories

P O2: Easily assess the properties of all elements discovered.

P O3: Apply appropriate techniques for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemicals in laboratories and in industries.

P O4: Will become familiar with the different branches of chemistry like analytical, organic, inorganic , physical, environmental, polymer and biochemistry .

P O5: Develops analytical skills and problem solving skills requiring application of chemical principles. Acquires the ability to synthesis, separate and characterize compounds using laboratory and instrumentation techniques.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PS O1: Gain the knowledge of Chemistry through theory and practical‟s. as well as good laboratory practices and safety.

PS O2: To explain nomenclature, stereochemistry, structures, reactivity, and mechanism of the chemical reactions and structure-activity relationship.

PS O3: Identify chemical formulae and solve numerical problems and also Use modern chemical tools, Models, Chem-draw, Charts and Equipments.

Syllabus

Course Code 16SCCCH1 Hours/Week 5 Credits 5
Semester I

Unit-I: PERIODIC TABLE AND PERIODIC PROPERTIES Quantum Numbers, Filling up of atomic orbitals: Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau Principle, Hunds rule of maximum multiplicity – electronic configuration. Stability associated with half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
Periodic properties of elements – variation of atomic volume, atomic and ionic radii, onization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity along periods and groups. Pauling scale of electronegativity.
Classification of elements into s, p, d and f block elements.
Unit-II: ANALYTICAL METHODS Qualitative Inorganic Analysis – Dry Test, flame test, cobalt nitrate test–wet confirmatory test for acid radicals, interfering acid radicals – elimination of interfering acid radicals.
Solubility product, common ion effect, complexation, oxidation-reduction reactions involved in identification of anions and cations – separation of cations into groups – Semi micro analysis of simple salts.
Volumetric analysis – preparation of standard solutions – normality, molarity and molality by titrimetric reactions – acid-base, redox, precipitation and complex metric titrations – indicators – effect of change in Ph – selection of suitable indicators.
Unit-III: ALKANES, REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES AND METHODS FOR REACTION MECHANISMS Introduction: Inductive, mesomeric, electromeric effects and hyperconjugation – structure of organic molecules based on sp3, sp2 and sp hybridization. Alkanes – sources of alkanes – general preparation – general properties – conformational analysis of ethane and n-butane.
Carbocations, Carbanions, Carbenes and Nitrenes: Generation and stability of reactive intermediates – Correlation of reactivity with structure of reactive intermediates. Free radicals: Generation, stability, identification methods – Free radical halogenation reactions and their mechanism.
Homolytic and Heterolytic cleavages of bonds, Characteristics of nucleophilic, electrophilic and free radical reactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, Hammond’s postulates, isotope effects. Energy profile diagrams – Intermediate versus transition state, Product analysis and its importance, crossover experiments, kinetic methods, Isotopic effects.
Unit-IV: CHEMISTRY OF CYCLOALKANES, ALKENES, DIENES AND ALKYNES Preparation of cycloalkanes – Chemical properties – Relative stability of cyclopropane to cyclooctane – Baeyer’s Strain theory – Limitations – Mono and disubstituted cyclohexanes.
Alkenes: Nomenclature – Petroleum source of alkenes and aromatics – General methods of preparation of alkenes – Chemical properties – Markovnikov’s rule and peroxide effect-Uses – Elimination reactions and its mechanisms (E1,E2).
Dienes: Structures and properties – conjugated dienes – stability and resonance – electrophilic addition – 1,2 addition and 1,4 addition. Alkynes: Nomenclature – General methods of preparation – Physical properties – Chemical properties – Uses.
Unit-V: COLLOIDS AND MACROMOLECULES Definition and types of Colloids- preparation, Purification (dialysis, electrodialysis and ultrafilteration) and stability of colloids, gold number.
Properties of colloids- kinetic, optical and electrical properties.
Emulsions – Types of emulsions, preparation, properties and applications, Donnan membrane equilibrium.
Osmosis – reverse osmosis and desalination. Macromolecules- Molecular weight of macromolecules- determination of molecular weight by osmotic pressure and light scattering methods.
Text and Reference Books (Latest revised edition only)
1. R.D. Madan, “Modern Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2000.
2. P.L. Soni, “Text book of Inorganic Chemistry”, 20th revised edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.
3. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, K.K. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 23rd edition, New Delhi, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co., (1993).
4. J.D. Lee, ‘Concise Inorganic Chemistry’, 20th revised edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.
5. R. Gopalan, P.S. Subramanian & K. Rengarajan, “Elements of Analytical Chemistry”, 2nd edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 1000.
6. Morrison, R.T. and Boyd, R.N., Bhattacharjee, S. K. Organic Chemistry (7th edition), Pearson, India, (2011).
7. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A., Advanced Organic Chemistry, (12th edition), New Delhi, Sultan Chand & Co., (2010).
8. Jerry March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and Structure”, 7th Edition, Wiley Inter Science (2013).
9. Puri B.R., Sharma L.R. and Pathania M.S. Principles of Physical Chemistry, (35th edition), New Delhi: Shoban Lal Nagin chand and Co. (2013)
10. Glasstone S. and Lewis D., Elements of Physical Chemistry, London, Mac Millan & Co Ltd.

Course Outcomes (CO) : On completion of the course, students should be able to
Number CO Statement
CO1. To learn the periodic properties of elements and its classifications.
CO2. To understand the theoretical aspects of qualitative and quantitative analyses.
CO3. To study the basics of alkenes, reactive intermediates and reaction mechanisms.
CO4. To know about the chemistry of cycloalkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
CO5. To find about the types, preparation and properties of sols, colloids and emulsions and the determination of molecular weight of macromolecules.
PO - CO MAPPING MATRIX:
CO PO PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3
CO2 3 3
CO3 2 3
CO4 2
CO5 2 3
Course Code 16SCCCH1P Hours/Week 3 Credits 2
Semester I

Titrimetric Quantitative Analysis
1. Estimation of HCl Vs NaOH using a standard oxalic acid solution
2. Estimation of Na2CO3 Vs HCl using a standard Na2CO3 solution
3. Estimation of oxalic acid Vs KMnO4 using a standard oxalic acid solution
4. Estimation of Iron (II) sulphate by KMnO4 using a standard Mohr’s salt solution.
5. Estimation of Ca (II) Vs KMnO4 using a standard oxalic acid solution.
6. Estimation of KMnO4 Vs thio using a standard K2Cr2O7 solution.
7. Estimation of Fe (III) by using K2Cr2O7 using a standard Mohr’s salt solution using internal and external indicators.
8. Estimation of copper (II) sulphate by K2Cr2O7 solution
9. Estimation of Mg (II) by EDTA solution
10. Estimation of Ca (II) by EDTA solution
11. Estimation of As2O3 using I2 solution and standard Arsenious oxide solution.
12. Estimation of chloride (in neutral and acid media)
II. Applied Experiments
1. Estimation of Total Hardness of water
2. Estimation of Bleaching Powder
3. Estimation of saponification value of an oil
4. Estimation of copper in brass

Course Outcomes (CO) : On completion of the course, students should be able to
Number CO Statement
CO1. To learn the techniques of titrimetric analyses.
CO2. To understand the neutralization reactions quantitatively.
CO3. To know the estimation of total hardness of water.
CO4. To study about PH estimation and indicators mechanism.
CO5. To find out the stoichiometry of complexometric titration.
PO - CO MAPPING MATRIX:
CO PO PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3 2
CO2 2 2
CO3 3
CO4 3 2
CO5 3
Course Code 16SCCCH2 Hours/Week 5 Credits 5
Semester II

Unit-I: CHEMICAL BONDING Ionic bond – formation, variable electrovalency – Lattice energy, Born – Haber Cycle. Covalent bond - formation, variable covalency, maximum covalency, covalent character in ionic bond – Fajans Rule. Polarisation – partial ionic character of a covalent bond.
VB theory, MO theory – Basic principles of bonding and antibonding orbitals, applications of MOT to H2 He2, N2 & O2 – molecular orbital sequence, comparison of VB & MO Theories.
Hybridisation – Formation of BeCl2 & BCl3. VSEPR theory of simple inorganic molecules – BeCl2, SiCl4, PCl5, SF6, IF7, XeF6, BF3 & H2O.
Hydrogen bonding – Intermolecular & Intramolecular H2 – bonding and consequences.
Unit-II: CHEMISTRY OF s-BLOCK & ZERO GROUP ELEMENTS AND METALLURGY General characteristics of s-block elements – comparative study of elements – alkali metals and their hydroxides, oxides and halides, alkaline earth metals and their oxides, carbonates and sulphates.
Diagonal relationship of Li & Mg, Be & Al, chemistry of NaOH, KI & Mg(NH4)PO4.
Metallurgy : Occurrence of metals – concentration of ores – froth floatation, magnetic separation, calcination, roasting, smelting, flux, aluminothermic process, purification of metals – electrolysis, zone refining, van Arkel de-Boer process.
Zero group elements – position in the periodic table, occurrence, isolation, applications, compounds of Xe – XeF6 & XeOF4.
Unit-III: CHEMISTRY OF BENZENE AND BENZENOID COMPOUNDS Aromaticity – Huckle’s rule - structure of benzene – Benzene-preparation, chemical properties and uses. Aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions and mechanism – Orientation and reactivity in substituted benzenes.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, Naphthalene from coal tar and petroleum – Laboratory preparation, Structure of Naphthalene, Aromatic character, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Uses. Mechanism of Aromatic electrophilic substitution – Theory of orientation and reactivity.
Anthracene, Phenanthrene from coal tar and petroleum, Laboratory preparation, Molecular Orbital structures, Aromatic Characters, Physical Properties, Chemical properties and uses. Preparation of biphenyls, Physical and Chemical properties and uses.
Unit-IV: ALKYL AND ARYL HALOGENS Nomenclature of haloalkanes – structure - general preparations of haloalkanes - physical and chemical properties and uses.
Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction mechanisms (SN1 and SN2) – Stereochemical aspects.
Halobenzenes: Theory of orientation and reactivity - general preparation – properties - uses. Electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction mechanisms.
Unit-V: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BASIC QUANTUM MECHANICS Rutherford’s and Bohr’s model an atom- Bohr’s theory and origin of hydrogen spectrum. Sommerfield’s extension of Bohr’s theory.
Electromagnetic radiation- definitions for , υ and velocity.
Dualism of light -Particle nature of radiation- black body radiation and Planck’s quantum theory, photoelectric effect and Compton effect of matter.
De Broglie hypothesis and Davisson and Germer experiment. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Schrodinger wave equation (Derivation not needed). Physical significance of  and 2.
REFERENCES
1. R.D. Madan, “Modern Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2000.
2. P.L. Soni, “Text book of Inorganic Chemistry”, 20th revised edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.
3. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, K.K. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 23rd edition, New Delhi, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co., (1993).
4. J.D. Lee, ‘Concise Inorganic Chemistry’, 20th revised edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.
5. R. Gopalan, P.S. Subramanian & K. Rengarajan, “Elements of Analytical Chemistry”, 2nd edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 1000.
6. Morrison, R.T. and Boyd, R.N., Bhattacharjee, S. K. Organic Chemistry (7th edition), Pearson, India, (2011).
7. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A., Advanced Organic Chemistry, (12th edition), New Delhi, Sultan Chand & Co., (2010).
8. Jerry March, “Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction, Mechanism and Structure”, 7th Edition, Wiley Inter Science (2013).
9. Puri B.R., Sharma L.R. and Pathania M.S. Principles of Physical Chemistry, (35th edition), New Delhi: Shoban Lal Nagin chand and Co. (2013)
10. Bahl B.S., Arun Bahl and Tuli G.D. (2012). Essentials of Physical Chemistry, New Delhi: Sultan Chand and Sons

Course Outcomes (CO) : On completion of the course, students should be able to
Number CO Statement
CO1. To know the principles of bonding and theories of chemical bonding.
CO2. To understand the chemistry of S-block elements and metallurgy of zero group elements.
CO3. To study about the aromatic character of benzene type molecules and to learn the reaction mechanisms involved in haloalkanes and halobenzenes.
CO4. To learn about the properties of atoms and characteristics,
CO5. To find out the effect of radiations and the significance of wave functions.
PO - CO MAPPING MATRIX:
CO PO PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3 3
CO2 2
CO3 2 2
CO4 3 2
CO5 2 3
Course Code 16SCCCH3 Hours/Week 5 Credits 5
Semester II

Unit-I: CHEMISTRY OF p-BLOCK ELEMENTS General characteristics of p-block elements. Comparative study of elements of III A & their compounds. Compounds of boron –boric acid, borax, borazole.
Extraction of Al and Pb - alums, alloys of Al. Chemistry of oxides of carbon – CO, CO2. Allotropic forms of carbon.
Compounds of nitrogen and phosphorous – NH2.NH2, H2NOH, hydrazoic acid, N2– Cycle, fixation of N2, PH3 and P2O5.
Unit-II: INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS Peracids of sulphur, Thionic acids, sodium thiosulphate – preparation, properties, structure and uses.
Classification of oxides – acidic, amphoteric, neutral oxides, peroxides and superoxides.
Interhalogen compounds, Pseudohalogens, Oxyacids of halogens, Polyhalides and basic nature of iodine.
Unit-III: STEREOCHEMISTRY Principles of symmetry – symmetry elements (Cn, Ci and Sn) - asymmetry and dissymmetry – isomerism – constitutional isomers - stereoisomers – enantiomers – diastereomers - geometrical isomerism – meso and dl compounds - conventions used in stereochemistry: Newman, Sawhorse and Fischer notations and their interconversions.
Nomenclature, correlation of configuration – Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for simple molecules - R,S and D,L notations to express configurations - chirality - optical isomerism - optical activity – polarimeter – specific rotation - stereochemistry of allenes and spiranes
Atropisomerism - erythro and threo conventions – stereoselectivity, stereospecificity in organic reactions with examples. Resolution of racemic mixture – Walden Inversion – conformational analysis of cyclohexane - asymmetric induction.
Unit-IV: GASEOUS STATE Gases – Boyle’s law, Charle’s law and Avagadro’s law- ideal gas equation.
Real Gases- deviation from ideal behaviour – van der Waals equation of states- derivation – significance of critical constants- law of corresponding states- compressibility factor.
Inversion temperature and liquefaction of gases- Linde and Claude – demagnetization methods.
Maxwell’s distribution of molecular velocities (Derivation not needed).Types of molecular velocities- mean, most probable and root mean square velocities-Inter relationships. Collision diameter, mean free path and collision number.
Unit-V: SOLID STATES AND LIQUID CRYSTALS Classification of solids- Isotropic and anisotropic crystals- elements of symmetry- basic seven crystal systems- laws of crystallography- representation of planes- miller indices, space lattice and unit cell.
X-ray diffraction- derivation of Bragg’s equation- determination of structures of NaCl by Debye Scherrer (powder method) and rotating crystal methods.
Types of crystals, close packing of identical solid spheres, interstitial sites, limiting radius ratios (derivation not needed), radius ratio rule and shapes of ionic crystals, structures of NaCl, CsCl and ZnS.
Semiconductors- intrinsic and extrinsic semi conductors- n and p-type semiconductors.Liquid crystals- types and applications.
REFERENCES
1. R.D. Madan, “Modern Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2000.
2. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, K.K. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 23rd edition, New Delhi, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co., (1993).
3. J.D. Lee, ‘Concise Inorganic Chemistry’, 20th revised edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.
4. 9. Gurdeep Raj, ‘Advanced Inorganic Chemistry’, 20th revised edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.
5. Morrison, R.T. and Boyd, R.N., Bhattacharjee, S. K. Organic Chemistry (7th edition), Pearson, India, (2011).
6. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A., Advanced Organic Chemistry, (12th edition), New Delhi, Sultan Chand & Co., (2010).
7. Glasstone S. and Lewis D., Elements of Physical Chemistry, London, Mac Millan & Co Ltd.
9. Puri B.R., Sharma L.R. and Pathania M.S. Principles of Physical Chemistry, (35th edition), New Delhi: Shoban Lal Nagin chand and Co. (2013)

Course Outcomes (CO) : On completion of the course, students should be able to
Number CO Statement
CO1. To learn the chemistry of p-block elements.
CO2. To study about the preparations and properties of inter halogen compounds.
CO3. To understand the arrangement of atoms in space, isomers and their nomenclature.
CO4. To find out about the gas laws, properties of real gases and types of molecular velocities.
CO5. To create the types, structure and properties of solids and liquid crystals.
PO - CO MAPPING MATRIX:
CO PO PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3
CO2 2
CO3 3 2
CO4 3 2
CO5 3 2
Course Code 16SCCCH1P Hours/Week 3 Credits 2
Semester III

SEMIMICRO INORGANIC QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Analysis of a mixture containing two cations and two anions of which one will be an interferring acid radical. Semimicro methods using the conventional scheme with hydrogen sulphide may be adopted.
Cations to be Studied: lead, copper, bismuth, cadmium, iron, aluminium, zinc, manganese, cobalt, nickel, barium, calcium, strontium, magnesium and ammonium.
Anions to be studied: Carbonate, Sulphide, Sulphate, nitrate, chloride, bromide, fluoride, borate, oxalate and phosphate.
REFERENCES
1. Venkateswaran V. Veerasamy R. Kulandaivelu A.R., Basic principles of Practical Chemistry, 2nd edition, New Delhi, Sultan Chand & sons (1997)

Course Outcomes (CO) : On completion of the course, students should be able to
Number CO Statement
CO1. To learn the techniques of semi micro qualitative analysis of inorganic salt mixtures.
PO - CO MAPPING MATRIX:
CO PO PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3 3 2 -
CO2
CO3
CO4
CO5
Course Code 16SCCCH4 Hours/Week 5 Credits 5
Semester IV

Unit-I: d-BLOCK & f-BLOCK ELEMENTS General characteristics of d-block elements, comparative study of zinc group elements, extraction of Mo & Pt - Alloys of copper, amalgams and galvanization.
Evidences for the existence of Hg2 ions.
General characteristics of f-block elements – Lanthanide contraction and its consequences. Extraction of Th.
Arrhenius, Lowry – Bronsted and Lewis concept of acids and bases.
Unit-II: CHEMISTRY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS Introduction – preparation of organomagnesium compounds- physical and chemical properties- uses. Organozinc compounds – general preparation, properties and uses.
Organolithium, organocopper compounds – preparation, properties and uses.
Organolead, organophosphorous and organoboron compounds– preparation, properties and uses.
Unit-III: CHEMISTRY OF ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS Nomenclature – industrial source of alcohols – preparation of alcohols: hydration of alkenes, oxymercuration, hydroboration, Grignard addition, reduction – physical properties – chemical properties - uses – glycols from dihydroxylation, reduction, substitution reactions and glycerols and their uses.
Preparation of phenols including di- and trihydroxy phenols – physical and chemical properties - uses – aromatic electrophilic substitution mechanism – theory of orientation and reactivity.
Preparation of ethers: dehydration of alcohols, Williamson’s synthesis – silyl ether. epoxides from peracids - sharpless asymmetric epoxidation – reactions of epoxides – uses – introduction to crown ethers – structures – applications.
Unit-IV: THERMODYNAMICS-I Definitions- system and surrounding- isolated, closed and open system- state of the system- Intensive and extensive variables. Thermodynamic processesreversible and irreversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes- state and path functions.
Work of expansion at constant pressure and at constant volume. First law of thermodynamics- statement- definition of internal energy (E), enthalpy (H) and heat capacity. Relationship between Cp and Cv.
Calculation of w, q, dE and dH for expansion of ideal and real gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions of reversible and irreversible processes.
Thermochemistry- relationship between enthalpy of reaction at constant volume (qv) and at constant pressure (qp)- temperature dependence of heat of reaction- Kirchoff’s equation- bond energy and its calculation from thermochemical data- integral and differential heats of solution and dilution.
Unit-V: CHEMICAL KINETICS Rate of reaction- rate equation, order and molecularity of reaction. Rate Laws- rate constants- derivation of first order rate constant and characteristics of zero order, first order and second order reactions- derivation of time for half change (t1/2) with examples.
Methods of determination of order of reactions- experimental methods- determination of rate constant of a reaction by volumetry, colorimetry and polarimetry.
Effect of temperature on reaction rate- concept of activation energy, energy barrier, Arrhenius equation. Theories of reaction rates- collision theory- derivation of rate constant of bimolecular reaction- failure of collision theory- Lindemann’s theory of unimolecular reaction.
Theory of absolute reaction rates – derivation of rate constant for a bimolecular reaction- significance of entropy and free energy of activation. Comparison of collision theory and absolute reaction rate theory (ARRT).
REFERENCES
1. R.D. Madan, “Modern Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2000.
2. B.R. Puri, L.R. Sharma, K.K. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 23rd edition, New Delhi, Shoban Lal Nagin Chand & Co., (1993).
3. J.D. Lee, ‘Concise Inorganic Chemistry’, 20th revised edition, Sultan Chand & Sons, 2000.
4. Morrison, R.T. and Boyd, R.N., Bhattacharjee, S. K. Organic Chemistry (7th edition), Pearson, India, (2011).
5. Bahl, B.S. and Bahl, A., Advanced Organic Chemistry, (12th edition), New Delhi, Sultan Chand & Co., (2010).
6. Puri B.R., Sharma L.R. and Pathania M.S. Principles of Physical Chemistry, (35th edition), New Delhi: Shoban Lal Nagin chand and Co. (2013)
7. Samuel Glasstone (1974), Thermodynamics for Chemists (3rd printing), East- West Edn.
8. 9. Gurtu J.N. and Amit Gurtu (1979), Chemical Kinetics, 5th Edn, Mittal K.K.

Course Outcomes (CO) : On completion of the course, students should be able to
Number CO Statement
CO1. To study the general characteristics of d and f block elements.
CO2. To understand the reactions of organometallic compounds, alcohols, phenols and ethers.
CO3. To learn about the fundamental concepts of first law of thermodynamics, to relate heat, work and energy and to calculate work from pressure – volume relationships.
CO4. To find out about the fundamental concepts of rate of the reaction.
CO5. To know the determination of order of the reaction and theories of reaction rates.
PO - CO MAPPING MATRIX:
CO PO PSO
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
CO1 3 3 2
CO2 3 3
CO3 3
CO4 3
CO5 3